After the planets were formed and our Sun drifted out of its birthplace in Orion Earth was in an Ice Age for more than one billion years known as the Huronian Glaciation. Earth had a 750 PSI atmosphere that extended more than 2,500 miles above the planet. There was no way the sun could break through such an atmosphere to thaw the mile-deep ice sheets over the oceans to get life started.
The only thing around us that could possibly penetrate such a thick atmosphere is the 1.5 solar mass Sirius B, a white dwarf orbiting Sirius A at 8 to 12 AU every 54 years. We matched its speed and went into orbit around Sirius 650-million years ago. The additional light and heat from these powerful stars melted the 5-mile ice sheets on Earth and got life started in the oceans to release free oxygen.
Earth had no ice caps for the next 650-million years. It was the additional light and heat from the sirius system that created most of the coal, oil and limestone on Earth. Then about 2.5 million years ago something blew up in Orion and kicked our Sun into an elliptical orbit around Sirius. To find out what read my book, Cosmological Ice Ages
Cooling of Atmosphere Due to CO2 Emission G. V. CHILINGAR,1 L. F. KHILYUK,1, and O. G. SOROKHTIN2 1Rudolf W. Gunnerman Energy and Environment Laboratory, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA 2Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Address correspondence to George Chilingar, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, USA Branch, 101 S. Windsor Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90004. E-mail: gchil...@usc.edu Abstract The writers investigated the effect of CO2 emission on the temperature of atmosphere.
Computations based on the adiabatic theory of greenhouse effect show that increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere results in cooling rather than warming of the Earth's atmosphere. Keywords adiabatic theory, CO2 emission, global cooling, global warming Introduction Traditional anthropogenic theory of currently observed global warming states that release of carbon dioxide into atmosphere (partially as a result of utilization of fossil fuels) leads to an increase in atmospheric temperature because the molecules of CO2 (and other greenhouse gases) absorb the infrared radiation from the Earth's surface.
This statement is based on the Arrhenius hypothesis, which was never verified (Arrhenius, 1896). The proponents of this theory take into consideration only one component of heat transfer in atmosphere, i.e., radiation. Yet, in the dense Earth's troposphere with the pressure pa > 0:2 atm, the heat from the Earth's surface is mostly transferred by convection. (Sorokhtin, 2001a). According to our estimates, convection accounts for 67%, water vapor condensation in troposphere accounts for 25%, and radiation accounts for about 8% of the total heat transfer from the Earth's surface to troposphere. Thus, convection is the dominant process of heat transfer in troposphere, and all the theories of Earth's atmospheric heating (or cooling) first of all must consider this process of heat (energy)-mass redistribution in atmosphere (Sorokhtin, 2001a, 2001b; Khilyuk and Chilingar, 2003, 2004).
When the temperature of a given mass of air increases, it expands, becomes lighter, and rises. In turn, the denser cooler air of upper layers of troposphere descends and replaces the warmer air of lower layers. This physical system (multiple cells of air convection) acts in the Earth's troposphere like a continuous surface cooler. The cooling effect by air convection can surpass considerably the warming effect of radiation. The most important conclusion from this observation is that the temperature distribution in the troposphere has to be close to adiabatic because the air mass expands and cools while rising and compresses and heats while dropping. This does not necessarily imply that at any particular instant distribution of temperature has to be adiabatic. One should consider some averaged distribution over the time intervals of an order of months. Key Points of the Adiabatic Theory of Greenhouse Effect By definition, the greenhouse effect is the difference T between the average temperature of planet surface Ts and its effective temperature Te (which is determined by the solar radiation and the Earth's albedo): [much snippage of equations, graphs and text]
Figure 1. Relationship between the temperature and elevation above sea level for (1) existing nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere on Earth and (2) hypothetical carbon dioxide atmosphere.
Figure 2. Relationship between temperature and elevation above Venus surface for (1) existing carbon dioxide atmosphere, and (2) hypothetical nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere. The averaged temperature distributions for the existing carbon dioxide and hypothetical nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere on Venus are shown in
Figure 2. Conclusions During the latest three millennia, one can observe a clear cooling trend in the Earth's climate (Keigwin, 1996; Sorokhtin and Ushakov, 2002; Gerhard, 2004; Khiyuk and Chilingar, 2006; Sorokhtin et al., 2007). During this period, deviations of the global temperature from this trend reached up to 3iC with a clear trend of decreasing global temperature by about 2iC. Relatively short-term variations in global temperature are mainly caused by the variations in solar activity and are not linked to the changes in carbon dioxide content in atmosphere. Accumulation of large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to the cooling, and not to warming of climate, as the proponents of traditional anthropogenic global warming theory believe (Aeschbach-Hertig, 2006).
This conclusion has a simple physical explanation: when the infrared radiation is absorbed by the molecules of greenhouse gases, its energy is transformed into thermal expansion of air, which causes convective fluxes of air masses restoring the adiabatic distribution of temperature in the troposphere. Our estimates show that release of small amounts of carbon dioxide (several hundreds ppm), which are typical for the scope of anthropogenic emission, does not influence the global temperature of Earth's atmosphere.
References Arrhenius, S. 1896. On influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground. Phil. Mag. 41:237-276. Aeschbach-Hertig, W. 2007. Rebuttal of "On global forces of nature driving the Earth's climate. Are humans involved?" by L. F. Khilyuk and G. V. Chilingar. Env. Geol. Bachinskiy, A. I., Putilov, V. V., and Suvorov, N. P. 1951. Handbook of Physics. Moscow: Uchpedgiz, 380 pp. Gerhard, L. C. 2004. Climate change: Conflict of observational science, theory, and politics. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 88:1211-1220. Keigwin, L. D. 1996. The little ice age and medieval warm period in the Sargasso Sea. Science 274:1504-1508. Khilyuk, L. F., Chilingar, G. V., Endres, B., and Robertson, J. 2000. Gas Migration. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 389 pp. Khilyuk, L. F., and Chilingar, G. V. 2003. Global warming: Are we confusing cause and effect?
Energy Sources 25:357-370. Khilyuk, L. F., and Chilingar, G. V. 2004. Global warming and long-term climatic changes: A progress report. Environ. Geol. 46:970-979. Khilyuk, L. F., and Chilingar, G. V. 2006. On global forces of nature driving the Earth's climate. Are humans involved? Environ. Geol. 50:899-910. Landau, L. D., and Lifshits, E. M. 1979. Statistical Physics. Moscow: Nauka, 559 pp. Marov, M. Ya. 1986. Planets of Solar System, Moscow: Nauka, 320 pp. Robinson, A. B., Baliunas, S. L., Soon, W., and Robinson, Z. W. 1998. Environmental effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. [i...@oism.org; i...@marshall.org] Schimel, D. S. 1995. Global Change Biology, 1:77-91. Sorokhtin, O. G. 1990. The greenhouse effect of atmosphere in geologic history of Earth. Doklady AN SSSR 315:587-592. Sorokhtin, O. G. 2001a. Greenhouse effect: Myth and reality. Vestnik Russian Academy of Natural Sciences 1:8-21. Sorokhtin, O. G. 2001b.
Temperature distribution in the Earth. Izvestiya RAN, Physics of Earth 3:71-78. Sorokhtin, O. G., and Ushakov, S. A. 2002. Evolution of the Earth. Moscow: Moscow Univ. Publishers, 560 pp. Sorokhtin, O. G., Chilingar, G. V., and Khilyuk, L. F. 2007. Global Warming and Global Cooling. Evolution of Climate on Earth. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 313 pp. Sorokhtin, O. G., Chilingar, G. V., Khilyuk, L. F., and Gorfunkel, M. V. 2006. Evolution of the Earth's global climate. Energy Sources 29:1-19. Venus (Atmosphere, Surface and Ecosystem). 1989. Moscow: Nedra, 482 pp. Voytkevitch, G. V., Kokin, A. V., Miroshnikov, A. E., and Prokhorov, V. G. 1990. Handbook of Geochemistry. Moscow: Nedra, 480 pp.
NO SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION! There is no logical explanation for the coal deposits 100-feet thick and limestone layers 12,500-feet thick laid down during the Carboniferous Era—especially with our sun as the only light source. To begin with, our sun is not an ideal grow light and it doesn’t suddenly change its spectrum into the UV! Hard coal has a 40 to 1 compression ratio and soft coal is 20 to 1 In order to have layers of coal 100-feet thick in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Colorado and Wyoming—even during an 80-million-year warm spell would requires 4,000 feet of plant growth (carbon) removed out of the air and then compressed down to 100 feet and this is impossible under present atmospheric conditions. The only possible explanation to account for such extreme plant growth would be an input of UV light 24-hours a day and a 200-pound per square inch atmosphere with carbon dioxide at 10 to 12%. This strengthens our position immensely that our Sun was in a close 1/10th light year circular orbit around the Sirius A & B binary star system which is the only object in space capable of doubling incoming UV light to Earth!
During the Carboniferous Era 400-million to 320-million years ago the average temperature of Earth was as high as 80 degrees F. The average temperature on Earth today is 32 degrees F. –Time-Life books Weather and Climate We have a long way to go before we have true global warming. The only reason we are not in an Ice Age right now is because somebody brought the Moon in and tilted the Earth 23.5 degrees. Our Sun doesn’t have enough power to keep us out of Ice Ages otherwise we wouldn’t have them! In my book, COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES & GLOBAL WARMING we explain who brought the Moon in and how we got blasted into our present 90 to 1 elliptical orbit around the Sirius system three-million years ago. Now we go out to nine light years and everything freezes up. We are now at 8.5 light years from Sirius and heading back at a speed of 7.5 kilometers per second so we can eventually expect some global warming as we enter warmer space around the Sirius system.
The gravity in that neighborhood is twenty times greater than our sun so we will eventually be traveling at a speed of about 200 kilometers per second. The Kuppier belts of our Sun and the Sirius star system is already starting to interact. Regarding carbon dioxide absorption: In the process of photosynthesis certain carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water in the chloroplasts of living plant cells, oxygen being a byproduct and light the source of energy. The chemical equation for the process is: 6CO2+6H2O+673 kg. cal of radiant energy C2H12+6O2. A hexose sugar is conventionally considered to be the basic carbohydrate product of photosynthesis, although in actuality the situation is much more complex. Most of the carbon dioxide used is diffuses into the leaf through the stomates and dissolves in wet cell walls bordering the intercellular spaces, from where it diffuses in solution into the chloroplasts. In most cases less than 1% of the water absorbed is used in photosynthesis. This negates mainstream know-it-all statements that most of the oxygen released in the process of photosynthesis comes from water and not from carbon dioxide. Carbon Dioxide is not a greenhouse gas because it tends to hug the ground near where it is released. That is why there is a timberline.
Trees won’t grow above a certain altitude because there isn’t enough CO2 (plant food). Carbon dioxide weighs 1.977 grams per cubic liter as compared with Nitrogen at 1.2506 grams per liter and Oxygen 1.429 grams per liter. In other words, Carbon dioxide is 36.743% heavier than Nitrogen and 27.72% heavier than oxygen. –Thomas J. Glover Pocket reference Urban areas also suffer from lack of oxygen because so many people are burning things. Human release of CO2 affects the climate very minimally except around urban areas where there is a high concentration displacing oxygen and nitrogen because it makes up such a small percentage of our atmosphere—only .033%.
The global mean surface "Temp"erature data are the GISS adjusted J-D yearly land and sea average, available from NASA at:
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt The "CO2" data are the yearly averages of the monthly data from the Keeling curve measured at Mauna Loa, available at: ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/trends/co2_mm_mlo.txt
DRASTIC POPULATION REDUCTION
In the midst of a world-wide drought, and a stock market collapse Henry Kissinger released the April 1974 classified memo. National Security Study memorandum 200 (NSSM 200) was shaped by Rockefeller interests and aimed to adopt a “World Population Plan to action” for drastic global population control i.e. reduction. The US lead the effort, making birth control in developing countries a prerequisite for US aid. Engdahl summed it up in blunt terms; “If these inferior races get in the way of our securing ample, cheap, raw materials, then we must find ways to get rid of them.” The NAZI also aimed big and sought control of the world.
Population culling or “eugenics” was part of their scheme to target “inferior” races to preserve the “superior” one. Kissinger’s scheme of “simpler contraceptive methods through bio-medical research” was reminiscent of DuPont’s old slogan, “Better things for better living” which was later dropped for, “Better things fore better living through chemistry.” As evidence increased in the toxic effect of chemicals they began using the new slogan, “The Miracles of Science.” Kissinger’s plan had two aims. 1. Secure US grain markets. 2. Control populations. Thirteen unlucky countries were chosen, India, Brazil, Nigeria, Mexico and Indonesia to mention a few. Exploiting their resources depended on instituting drastic population reductions to reduce home-grown demand.
Automobiles kill about 63,000 people in the US each year. There are 21,000 deaths per year in the US from radon gas and radon and 400,000 deaths from radon world wide! This is amazing because this is about 1/3 the number of deaths from auto accidents and you never hear anything about this horrible threat to human health and the environment. Big business must keep this secret and keep us focused on bogus disinformation such as GW and GC. Can you imagine how much Hell would break out if there were 20 deaths from bird flue in the US? When someone died from botulism from eating peanut butter we heard about on the news for over a week! They have been telling us there is no radon on the planet and the propaganda goes on and on so they can keep on burning fossil fuels.
Global Warming was invented to keep us focused away from more dire threats to human health and the Environment. The .033% trace gas carbon dioxide is plant food necessary for us to grow crops and to sustain the ecosystem yet our government is talking about using diesel fuel to pump it underground. A recent Scientific American article proposes erecting a giant sun shade made of reflective material above the earth to reflect sunlight back into space at a cost of trillions of dollars??
Soil erosion is the “silent global crisis” undermining food production and water availability. Every year, some 62,000 square miles of land looses its vegetation and becomes degraded or turns into desert. A Cornell University study, which pulls together statistics on soil erosion from more than 125 sources, has found that the US is loosing soil 10 times faster—and China and India 30 to 40 times faster—than the natural replenishment rate. As a result of erosion over the past 40 years, 30 percent of the world arable land has become unproductive--this at a time when the world population is approaching 7 billion.
Food production has kept pace with population growth by increasing by 50 percent between 1980 and 2000. But it is an open question whether there will be enough food in 2050, with an estimated three billion more mouths to feed. That means more food has to be produced within the next 50 years than during the last 10,000 years combined. --(source: The Global Report, 30 August 2007 To learn more how these plans are instituted and controlled by the people who own the Federal Reserve System of banks (that have nothing to do with the US government) buy my book: The Frog is Cooked. www.GuarddogBooks.com and www.AlaskaPublishing.com
BIGGEST KILLERS Heart disease is the number one killer on the world today killing 7.2 million people every year. The increasing numbers are possibly due to better detection and diagnostic methods. Cancer and asthma rank second and third. Cancer kills 560,000 Americans each year. Many of these deaths are preventable though proper education. Whenever the US invades a foreign sovereign nation like Iraq the number of deaths from war is ramped up to around 500,000. The unthinkable all-out war using WOMD would kill millions. The fourth cause of death in the world would be starvation—mostly due the corporate takeover of food production which produce genetically modified foods with no food value. It is estimated that the introduction of GM foods will reduce world population by an estimated three billion within the next ten years.
These are the very same foods that are the leading cause cancer and heart disease. Bankrupting family farms was the plan to remove an “excess of human resources”. Engdahl called it “a thinly veiled form of food imperialism” as part of a scheme for the US to become “the world granary.” The small family farm had to go. Agriculture had to be turned into “agribusiness” dominated by a few corporate giants with incestuous ties to Washington. Dollar devaluation was also part of the scheme. Under Nixon’s economic plan the gold window was closed in 1971 to let the currency float freely. Developing nations were targeted as well with the idea that they forget about being food-self-sufficient in grains and beef, rely on America for key commodities and concentrate instead on small fruits, sugar and vegetables for export.
Earned foreign exchange could then buy US imports and repay International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank loans that create a never-ending cycle of debt slavery. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was also used, as was later the WTO with rules written by corporations to suit their bottom line. www.GuardDogBooks.com www.AlaskaPublishing.com Trafford.com
